Accessible Design

Teaching How All Technologies Are Accessible in Data Structures and Algorithms

CS 61A

How to Learn Computer Science

High-level learning techniques for how to succeed in CS 1 courses like CS 61A, crammed into a 40-minute presentation for Golden Bear Orientation Fall 2017.

Most of the wordier advice I have to give has now been integrated with the course website as part of a big redesign this semester so everyone can access it more easily.

But since you’re already here, let me share with you some additional insight into the research that interests me and motivates the work I do for CS 61A.

Metacognition & mental representations

Here’s a selection of recent computing education research papers that provide insight into the learning processes that motivate how we learn CS.

One of the most useful skills acquired in the process of learning computer science is metacognition: an understanding of your own thought processes and, in particular, how much you know or don’t know about a concept. Experienced programmers still make the same mistakes just like everyone else, and they still have to answer the question, “Why isn’t it working?” just as often as everyone else.

What sets an experienced programmer apart is their ability to pull themselves away from the immediate frustration of a bug in the code and reconsider all the possible options. Experienced programmers excel at metacognition They’ve learned how to ask the right questions to themselves and adjust their solution bit-by-bit.

When faced with broken code, here are some of the questions I like to ask myself.

  1. Why is this not working? Answering this question usually requires digging below the surface and looking at the context of the problem, so we might then ask,
  2. Where is it not working as expected? There are two parts to this question that are important to answer.
    • We reframe the goal of “why” in terms of “where” which allows us to look critically at specific portions of the code. This reduces the range of possibile changes down to a specific area and lets us ask even more specific questions about our code.
    • In addition, we care why it is not working as we expected it to. One interesting observations that has been made about programming is that there are actually no such things as bugs or programming errors in the world, just miscommunication. Python executes code in a certain, predetermined pattern but the code we write and our understanding of Python is often incomplete which leads to perceived bugs. Let’s try to rephrase the problem from solving bugs to reconciling with Python because, somewhere Python and I disagree on how to interpret the code. Where I see this, Python really sees it as that.
  3. What would happen if I tried changing this value to that? Now that we’ve narrowed down where the problem must be, we can attempt to write a fix and reconcile with Python. The key to learning and overcoming this miscommunication in the future is not to edit code and make modifications blindly, but to understand and envision Python’s process. Think of it as if you’re arguing with a friend: empathize! Put yourself in their shoes! Think like Python!

The most effective and the most natural learning happens after we’ve walked through the path of why, where, and what-if. The key to becoming a great programmer is to learning how to ask and answer increasingly-specific questions.

Resources

Selected staff material